# Materials

> MOF, COF, 2D, perovskite, battery and zeolite structures explained with cited facts, editable figures, crystal structures and 3D models: Metal–organic…

URL: https://www.labcanvas.com/blog/materials

Famous materials explained, every fact cited to the original papers: metal–organic frameworks (MOFs), covalent organic frameworks (COFs), 2D materials such as graphene and MoS₂, perovskites, battery materials and zeolites, with editable figures, high-resolution crystal structures and interactive 3D models you can open in LabCanvas.

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## Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs)

[![Metal–organic frameworks: Metal clusters and organic linkers built into porous crystals (Metal nodes + organic linkers)](https://www.labcanvas.com/materials/mof/mof-cover.webp) MOF Metal nodes + organic linkers Metal–organic frameworks What MOFs are: metal nodes, linkers and nets, synthesis, activation, characterisation, stability and uses, with MOF-5, HKUST-1, UiO-66 and ZIF-8 compared.](https://www.labcanvas.com/mof)

[![MOF-5: Zn₄O clusters and terephthalate on a cubic net (Zn₄O(BDC)₃)](https://www.labcanvas.com/materials/mof-5/mof-5-cover.webp) MOF Zn₄O(BDC)₃ MOF-5 MOF-5, Zn₄O(BDC)₃: its cubic structure in 2D and interactive 3D, how it is made, surface area, stability and uses, with the original papers. Edit the figures free.](https://www.labcanvas.com/mof/mof-5)

[![ZIF-8: Zinc and 2-methylimidazolate on the sodalite net (Zn(mIm)₂)](https://www.labcanvas.com/materials/zif-8/zif-8-cover.webp) MOF Zn(mIm)₂ ZIF-8 ZIF-8, Zn(mIm)₂: its sodalite structure in 2D and 3D, how it is made, pore size, surface area and stability, with the original papers. Edit the figures free.](https://www.labcanvas.com/mof/zif-8)

[![HKUST-1: Copper paddlewheels and trimesate, tbo net (Cu₃(BTC)₂)](https://www.labcanvas.com/materials/hkust-1/hkust-1-cover.webp) MOF Cu₃(BTC)₂ HKUST-1 HKUST-1 (Cu-BTC), Cu₃(BTC)₂: its paddlewheel structure in 2D and 3D, how it is made, pore size, open copper sites and stability, with the original papers.](https://www.labcanvas.com/mof/hkust-1)

[![UiO-66: 12-connected Zr₆ clusters, fcu net (Zr₆O₄(OH)₄(BDC)₆)](https://www.labcanvas.com/materials/uio-66/uio-66-cover.webp) MOF Zr₆O₄(OH)₄(BDC)₆ UiO-66 UiO-66, Zr₆O₄(OH)₄(BDC)₆: its fcu structure in 2D and 3D, how it is made, missing-linker defects, pore size, surface area and stability, with the papers.](https://www.labcanvas.com/mof/uio-66)

[![MIL-101(Cr): Supertetrahedra building giant mesoporous cages (Cr₃F(H₂O)₂O(BDC)₃)](https://www.labcanvas.com/materials/mil-101/mil-101-cover.webp) MOF Cr₃F(H₂O)₂O(BDC)₃ MIL-101(Cr) MIL-101(Cr), a chromium terephthalate MOF: its giant 30–34 Å cages, MTN structure, synthesis, surface area, water stability and uses, with the original papers.](https://www.labcanvas.com/mof/mil-101)

[![MOF-74: Hexagonal channels lined with open metal sites (M₂(dobdc))](https://www.labcanvas.com/materials/mof-74/mof-74-cover.webp) MOF M₂(dobdc) MOF-74 MOF-74 (CPO-27), M₂(dobdc): its honeycomb channels and open metal sites, Mg-MOF-74 for CO₂ capture, Zn-MOF-74, synthesis and pore size, with the papers.](https://www.labcanvas.com/mof/mof-74)

## Covalent organic frameworks (COFs)

[![Covalent organic frameworks: Organic building blocks joined by strong covalent bonds into crystals (B, C, N, O, H)](https://www.labcanvas.com/materials/cof/cof-cover.webp) COF B, C, N, O, H Covalent organic frameworks What COFs are: linkages, 2D stacking and 3D nets, synthesis, characterisation, stability and uses, with COF-1, COF-5, COF-300 and TpPa-1 compared.](https://www.labcanvas.com/cof)

[![COF-5: Boronate ester layers, eclipsed hexagonal pores (C₉H₄BO₂)](https://www.labcanvas.com/materials/cof-5/cof-5-cover.webp) COF C₉H₄BO₂ COF-5 COF-5, the boronate ester COF from HHTP and BDBA: eclipsed layers, 27 Å channels, 1,590 m² g⁻¹, synthesis and stability, with 2D and 3D figures to edit.](https://www.labcanvas.com/cof/cof-5)

[![COF-1: Boroxine-linked layers, staggered stacking (C₃H₂BO)](https://www.labcanvas.com/materials/cof-1/cof-1-cover.webp) COF C₃H₂BO COF-1 COF-1, the first covalent organic framework: boroxine-linked layers from one boronic acid, staggered stacking, 711 m² g⁻¹, synthesis and stability, cited.](https://www.labcanvas.com/cof/cof-1)

[![TpPa-1: β-Ketoenamine COF that survives acid and water ((C₁₈H₁₂N₃O₃)ₙ)](https://www.labcanvas.com/materials/tppa-1/tppa-1-cover.webp) COF (C₁₈H₁₂N₃O₃)ₙ TpPa-1 TpPa-1, the β-ketoenamine COF from Tp and p-phenylenediamine: why it survives acid and boiling water, its structure, synthesis and surface area, cited.](https://www.labcanvas.com/cof/tppa-1)

[![COF-300: Imine-linked diamond nets, five interwoven ((C₄₁H₂₈N₄)ₙ)](https://www.labcanvas.com/materials/cof-300/cof-300-cover.webp) COF (C₄₁H₂₈N₄)ₙ COF-300 COF-300, the first imine-linked 3D COF: five interwoven diamond nets, 7.2 Å pores, 1,360 m² g⁻¹, stable to 490 °C. Structure, synthesis and papers.](https://www.labcanvas.com/cof/cof-300)

## 2D materials

[![2D materials: Crystals one to a few atoms thick, from graphene to MXenes (C · BN · MoS₂ · Ti₃C₂Tₓ)](https://www.labcanvas.com/materials/2d-materials/2d-materials-cover.webp) 2D material C · BN · MoS₂ · Ti₃C₂Tₓ 2D materials What 2D materials are: graphene, graphene oxide, h-BN, MoS₂, MXenes and twisted bilayers, their structures, band gaps, synthesis, stability and uses.](https://www.labcanvas.com/2d-materials)

[![Graphene: One layer of sp² carbon in a honeycomb (C)](https://www.labcanvas.com/materials/graphene/graphene-cover.webp) 2D material C Graphene Graphene structure explained: the one-atom-thick honeycomb of sp² carbon, its Dirac bands, strength and conductivity, how it is made and used. Cited facts.](https://www.labcanvas.com/2d-materials/graphene)

[![Graphene oxide: Graphene sheets carrying oxygen groups (C · O · H)](https://www.labcanvas.com/materials/graphene-oxide/graphene-oxide-cover.webp) 2D material C · O · H Graphene oxide Graphene oxide structure explained: graphene with epoxide, hydroxyl and carboxyl groups, made by the Hummers method and reduced to rGO. Cited facts, figures.](https://www.labcanvas.com/2d-materials/graphene-oxide)

[![h-BN: Boron and nitrogen in a honeycomb: white graphene (BN)](https://www.labcanvas.com/materials/h-bn/h-bn-cover.webp) 2D material BN Hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) Hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN), “white graphene”: its B–N honeycomb structure, ~6 eV band gap, how it is made and why 2D devices sit on it. Editable figures.](https://www.labcanvas.com/2d-materials/h-bn)

[![MoS₂: Molybdenum between two sulfur layers (MoS₂)](https://www.labcanvas.com/materials/mos2/mos2-cover.webp) 2D material MoS₂ MoS₂ (molybdenum disulfide) MoS₂ structure and band gap: the S–Mo–S layer, 2H and 1T phases, the 1.8 eV direct gap of monolayer MoS₂, transistors and HER catalysis. Editable figures.](https://www.labcanvas.com/2d-materials/mos2)

[![MXene: Titanium carbide sheets with surface terminations (Ti₃C₂Tₓ)](https://www.labcanvas.com/materials/mxene/mxene-cover.webp) 2D material Ti₃C₂Tₓ MXene (Ti₃C₂Tₓ) MXene Ti₃C₂Tₓ explained: 2D titanium carbide etched from the MAX phase Ti₃AlC₂, its surface terminations, synthesis, conductivity and uses. Editable figures.](https://www.labcanvas.com/2d-materials/mxene)

[![Twisted bilayer graphene: Two graphene layers twisted into a moiré (C · θ ≈ 1.1°)](https://www.labcanvas.com/materials/twisted-bilayer-graphene/twisted-bilayer-graphene-cover.webp) 2D material C · θ ≈ 1.1° Twisted bilayer graphene Twisted bilayer graphene explained: two layers turned by a small angle, the moiré, the 1.1° magic angle, flat bands and superconductivity. Cited papers.](https://www.labcanvas.com/2d-materials/twisted-bilayer-graphene)

## Perovskites

[![Perovskite structure: Corner-sharing BX₆ octahedra around an A cation (ABX₃)](https://www.labcanvas.com/materials/perovskite-structure/perovskite-structure-cover.webp) Perovskite ABX₃ Perovskite structure The perovskite structure explained: ABX₃ with corner-sharing BX₆ octahedra, the tolerance factor, octahedral tilts, and oxide vs halide perovskites.](https://www.labcanvas.com/perovskites)

[![SrTiO₃: The model cubic perovskite oxide (SrTiO₃)](https://www.labcanvas.com/materials/srtio3/srtio3-cover.webp) Perovskite SrTiO₃ SrTiO₃ (strontium titanate) SrTiO₃ structure and properties: cubic perovskite (a = 3.905 Å), the 105 K transition, quantum paraelectricity, LaAlO₃/SrTiO₃ interfaces and water splitting.](https://www.labcanvas.com/perovskites/srtio3)

[![BaTiO₃: The classic ferroelectric perovskite (BaTiO₃)](https://www.labcanvas.com/materials/batio3/batio3-cover.webp) Perovskite BaTiO₃ BaTiO₃ (barium titanate) BaTiO₃, the classic ferroelectric perovskite: its ~120 °C Curie point, tetragonal, orthorhombic and rhombohedral phases, capacitors and piezoelectrics.](https://www.labcanvas.com/perovskites/batio3)

[![CsPbBr₃: All-inorganic perovskite with bright green emission (CsPbBr₃)](https://www.labcanvas.com/materials/cspbbr3/cspbbr3-cover.webp) Perovskite CsPbBr₃ CsPbBr₃ CsPbBr₃ and CsPbX₃ perovskite quantum dots: orthorhombic structure, hot-injection synthesis, emission tunable over 410–700 nm, anion exchange and uses.](https://www.labcanvas.com/perovskites/cspbbr3)

[![MAPbI₃: The hybrid perovskite behind perovskite solar cells (CH₃NH₃PbI₃)](https://www.labcanvas.com/materials/mapbi3/mapbi3-cover.webp) Perovskite CH₃NH₃PbI₃ MAPbI₃ MAPbI₃ (CH₃NH₃PbI₃): tetragonal and cubic phases, 1.5 eV band gap, the first perovskite solar cells, long diffusion lengths, instability and lead toxicity.](https://www.labcanvas.com/perovskites/mapbi3)

[![FAPbI₃: The black, narrow-gap formamidinium perovskite (HC(NH₂)₂PbI₃)](https://www.labcanvas.com/materials/fapbi3/fapbi3-cover.webp) Perovskite HC(NH₂)₂PbI₃ FAPbI₃ FAPbI₃ explained: the black cubic α-phase and yellow hexagonal δ-phase, its 1.48 eV band gap, how mixed cations stabilise it and its role in solar cells.](https://www.labcanvas.com/perovskites/fapbi3)

[![2D perovskites: Perovskite slabs between organic spacer layers (A′₂Aₙ₋₁BₙX₃ₙ₊₁)](https://www.labcanvas.com/materials/2d-perovskites/2d-perovskites-cover.webp) Perovskite A′₂Aₙ₋₁BₙX₃ₙ₊₁ 2D perovskites Layered 2D halide perovskites explained: Ruddlesden–Popper and Dion–Jacobson phases, the n value, quantum wells, spacers, stability, solar cells and LEDs.](https://www.labcanvas.com/perovskites/2d-perovskites)

## Battery materials

[![Battery materials: Cathodes, anodes and electrolytes of Li-ion cells (LiCoO₂ | LiPF₆ | LiC₆)](https://www.labcanvas.com/materials/battery-materials/battery-materials-cover.webp) Battery material LiCoO₂ | LiPF₆ | LiC₆ Battery materials How a lithium-ion cell works and what is inside it: layered, spinel and olivine cathodes, graphite, silicon and lithium anodes, liquid and solid electrolytes.](https://www.labcanvas.com/battery-materials)

[![LiCoO₂: The layered cathode that launched Li-ion cells (LiCoO₂)](https://www.labcanvas.com/materials/licoo2/licoo2-cover.webp) Battery material LiCoO₂ LiCoO₂ LiCoO₂ structure and properties: the layered O3 (α-NaFeO₂-type) cathode, why only half its lithium is used, ~4 V vs Li, phones and laptops, high-voltage LCO.](https://www.labcanvas.com/battery-materials/licoo2)

[![NMC: Nickel-rich layered cathodes for electric cars (LiNiₓMnᵧCo₁₋ₓ₋ᵧO₂)](https://www.labcanvas.com/materials/nmc/nmc-cover.webp) Battery material LiNiₓMnᵧCo₁₋ₓ₋ᵧO₂ NMC (LiNiₓMnᵧCo₁₋ₓ₋ᵧO₂) NMC cathodes (LiNiₓMnᵧCo₁₋ₓ₋ᵧO₂): layered structure, NMC111 to 811, why more nickel means more capacity but less stability, and the fixes.](https://www.labcanvas.com/battery-materials/nmc)

[![LiFePO₄: The olivine cathode with a flat 3.4 V plateau (LiFePO₄)](https://www.labcanvas.com/materials/lifepo4/lifepo4-cover.webp) Battery material LiFePO₄ LiFePO₄ (LFP) LiFePO₄ (LFP) cathode: olivine structure (Pnma), 1D lithium channels, the flat 3.4 V two-phase plateau, 170 mAh/g, carbon coating and why LFP is safe.](https://www.labcanvas.com/battery-materials/lifepo4)

[![LiMn₂O₄: The 4 V spinel cathode with 3D lithium paths (LiMn₂O₄)](https://www.labcanvas.com/materials/limn2o4/limn2o4-cover.webp) Battery material LiMn₂O₄ LiMn₂O₄ (spinel) LiMn₂O₄ (LMO) spinel cathode: cubic Fd-3m structure, 3D lithium diffusion, 4.1 V plateaus, 148 mAh/g, Mn dissolution, Jahn–Teller fade and LiNi₀.₅Mn₁.₅O₄.](https://www.labcanvas.com/battery-materials/limn2o4)

[![Graphite anode: The layered carbon anode in most Li-ion cells (C → LiC₆)](https://www.labcanvas.com/materials/graphite-anode/graphite-anode-cover.webp) Battery material C → LiC₆ Graphite anode Graphite anode in lithium-ion batteries: LiC₆ and 372 mAh/g, staging, intercalation near 0.1 V, the SEI from ethylene carbonate and lithium plating.](https://www.labcanvas.com/battery-materials/graphite-anode)

[![Silicon anode: Ten times graphite, if it survives swelling (Li₁₅Si₄)](https://www.labcanvas.com/materials/silicon-anode/silicon-anode-cover.webp) Battery material Li₁₅Si₄ Silicon anode Silicon anodes for Li-ion batteries: 3,579 mAh/g as Li₁₅Si₄, ~300% volume expansion, cracking and SEI, nanowires, yolk–shell, SiOx, Si–graphite, binders.](https://www.labcanvas.com/battery-materials/silicon-anode)

[![Solid electrolytes: Ceramic and sulfide conductors for Li metal (Li₇La₃Zr₂O₁₂ · Li₆PS₅Cl)](https://www.labcanvas.com/materials/solid-electrolytes/solid-electrolytes-cover.webp) Battery material Li₇La₃Zr₂O₁₂ · Li₆PS₅Cl Solid electrolytes (LLZO, argyrodite) Solid electrolytes for solid-state batteries: garnet LLZO (cubic vs tetragonal, Al/Ga/Ta doping), argyrodite Li₆PS₅Cl, LGPS, PEO, dendrites and Li metal.](https://www.labcanvas.com/battery-materials/solid-electrolytes)

[![Sodium-ion: Hard carbon, Prussian blue and layered oxides (Na⁺ host materials)](https://www.labcanvas.com/materials/sodium-ion/sodium-ion-cover.webp) Battery material Na⁺ host materials Sodium-ion battery materials Sodium-ion battery materials: why sodium, hard carbon anodes (graphite stores little Na), Prussian blue, layered oxide and polyanion cathodes compared.](https://www.labcanvas.com/battery-materials/sodium-ion)

## Zeolites

[![Zeolites: Crystalline aluminosilicates with molecule-sized pores (TO₄ (T = Si, Al))](https://www.labcanvas.com/materials/zeolites/zeolites-cover.webp) Zeolite TO₄ (T = Si, Al) Zeolites What zeolites are: TO₄ frameworks, 8-, 10- and 12-ring pores, IZA codes (MFI, FAU, LTA, CHA), Si/Al ratio, acid sites, synthesis and uses, with sources.](https://www.labcanvas.com/zeolites)

[![ZSM-5: High-silica zeolite with intersecting 10-ring channels (MFI)](https://www.labcanvas.com/materials/zsm-5/zsm-5-cover.webp) Zeolite MFI ZSM-5 (MFI) ZSM-5 zeolite (MFI): 10-ring straight and sinusoidal channels of 5.1–5.6 Å, Si/Al, silicalite-1, FCC additives, methanol to gasoline and xylene isomerisation.](https://www.labcanvas.com/zeolites/zsm-5)

[![Zeolite A: The 8-ring molecular sieve behind 3A, 4A and 5A (LTA)](https://www.labcanvas.com/materials/zeolite-a/zeolite-a-cover.webp) Zeolite LTA Zeolite A (LTA) Zeolite A (LTA) structure: sodalite and α cages, 4.1 Å 8-ring windows, Si/Al = 1, the 3A, 4A and 5A molecular sieves, detergents and drying, with sources.](https://www.labcanvas.com/zeolites/zeolite-a)

[![Faujasite: Zeolites X and Y, the cracking catalyst of FCC (FAU)](https://www.labcanvas.com/materials/faujasite/faujasite-cover.webp) Zeolite FAU Faujasite (zeolite X and Y) Faujasite (FAU): sodalite cages, double 6-rings and 12-ring supercages; zeolite X vs Y by Si/Al; ultrastable Y and why zeolite Y is the FCC catalyst.](https://www.labcanvas.com/zeolites/faujasite)

[![SSZ-13: Small-pore chabazite zeolite behind Cu-SSZ-13 SCR (CHA)](https://www.labcanvas.com/materials/ssz-13/ssz-13-cover.webp) Zeolite CHA SSZ-13 (CHA) SSZ-13, the chabazite (CHA) zeolite: 8-ring windows of 3.8 Å and CHA cages, TMAda⁺ synthesis, Cu-SSZ-13 for NH₃-SCR of diesel NOₓ, and SAPO-34 for MTO.](https://www.labcanvas.com/zeolites/ssz-13)