# Battery & energy storage guides: templates > One-page guides to batteries and energy storage: making cathode, anode and electrolyte materials, making electrodes, building and forming cells, how electrodes store lithium, electrolytes and interphases, lithium metal and solid-state cells, sodium- and potassium-ion cells, ageing, abuse and thermal runaway, seeing inside a working cell, electrochemical and safety tests, packs, cars and grid storage, recycling, second life and other storage, and a battery’s life in pictograms. Every panel is a live generator; every caption and number is quoted from the cited papers. URL: https://www.labcanvas.com/templates/energy-storage-guides 15 templates. All templates: https://www.labcanvas.com/templates - [Making cathode materials: NMC and LiFePO₄](https://www.labcanvas.com/templates/energy-storage-guides/making-cathode-materials-nmc-lifepo4) ([Markdown](https://www.labcanvas.com/templates/energy-storage-guides/making-cathode-materials-nmc-lifepo4.md)): Cathode synthesis on one page: the Ni–Mn–Co hydroxide precursor co-precipitated in a stirred tank, lithiated and calcined in oxygen into layered NMC, polycrystalline against single-crystal particles, LiFePO₄ made hydrothermally and coated with carbon, and an Al₂O₃ coating grown by atomic layer deposition. Every step and number is quoted from the cited papers. - [Anode and electrolyte materials](https://www.labcanvas.com/templates/energy-storage-guides/anode-electrolyte-materials) ([Markdown](https://www.labcanvas.com/templates/energy-storage-guides/anode-electrolyte-materials.md)): Anode and electrolyte materials on one page: hard carbon pyrolysed from biomass or resin and how it stores sodium, silicon nanoparticles held in yolk–shell and pomegranate carbon, a LiPF₆ carbonate electrolyte made in a glovebox, the HF that trace water makes from it, and the argyrodite solid electrolyte Li₆PS₅Cl. Every step and number is quoted from the cited papers. - [Making battery electrodes: from slurry to slit coils](https://www.labcanvas.com/templates/energy-storage-guides/making-battery-electrodes-slurry-slit-coils) ([Markdown](https://www.labcanvas.com/templates/energy-storage-guides/making-battery-electrodes-slurry-slit-coils.md)): Electrode manufacturing on one page: slurry mixing in a planetary mixer, slot-die coating and drying with solvent recovery, the coating bead and its defects, calendering between heated rolls, slitting and the cut edge, and the dry route with fibrillated PTFE. The steps and the shares of cost, time and energy are quoted from the cited papers. - [Building and forming a battery cell](https://www.labcanvas.com/templates/energy-storage-guides/building-forming-battery-cell) ([Markdown](https://www.labcanvas.com/templates/energy-storage-guides/building-forming-battery-cell.md)): Cell assembly on one page: winding and stacking in a dry room, cylindrical, prismatic and pouch formats, an 18650 cell in section with its mandrel, PTC switch and CID vent disk, the tabless 4680 design, and electrolyte filling, formation and aging. Every step and number is quoted from the cited papers. - [How electrodes store lithium](https://www.labcanvas.com/templates/energy-storage-guides/how-electrodes-store-lithium) ([Markdown](https://www.labcanvas.com/templates/energy-storage-guides/how-electrodes-store-lithium.md)): How battery electrodes store lithium, on one page: intercalation into a layered host, alloying with silicon that swells and cracks, conversion of a metal oxide into metal nanoparticles in Li₂O, the solvation sheath round Li⁺, the SEI on graphite and the electrolyte window between LUMO and HOMO. Every caption and number is quoted from the cited papers. - [Electrolytes and interphases](https://www.labcanvas.com/templates/energy-storage-guides/electrolytes-interphases) ([Markdown](https://www.labcanvas.com/templates/energy-storage-guides/electrolytes-interphases.md)): Electrolyte design on one page: the superconcentrated LiFSA/DMC network, a localized high-concentration electrolyte with an inert diluent, desolvation at graphite, the two-layer SEI on silicon, a CEI on NCM811, and manganese and nickel crossing from the cathode to the graphite. Every caption and number is quoted from the cited papers. - [Lithium metal and solid-state batteries](https://www.labcanvas.com/templates/energy-storage-guides/lithium-metal-solid-state-batteries) ([Markdown](https://www.labcanvas.com/templates/energy-storage-guides/lithium-metal-solid-state-batteries.md)): Lithium metal and solid-state cells on one page: plating and stripping with a cracking SEI and dead lithium, dendrites as faceted nanowires, an anode-free cell on coated copper, a sulfide composite cathode, voids and grain-boundary lithium at a solid electrolyte, and an ALD Al₂O₃ layer that lets lithium wet a garnet. Every caption and number is quoted from the cited papers. - [Sodium-ion and potassium-ion batteries](https://www.labcanvas.com/templates/energy-storage-guides/sodium-ion-potassium-ion-batteries) ([Markdown](https://www.labcanvas.com/templates/energy-storage-guides/sodium-ion-potassium-ion-batteries.md)): Beyond lithium on one page: a sodium-ion cell with aluminium foil on both electrodes, hard carbon and where it stores sodium, a P2 layered oxide, a Prussian blue analogue and a NASICON phosphate cathode, and potassium entering graphite in stages. Every caption and number is quoted from the cited papers. - [How lithium-ion cells age](https://www.labcanvas.com/templates/energy-storage-guides/how-lithium-ion-cells-age) ([Markdown](https://www.labcanvas.com/templates/energy-storage-guides/how-lithium-ion-cells-age.md)): Lithium-ion degradation on one page: where a cell ages, the SEI and cracking on graphite, lithium plating, the degrading cathode, manganese crossing to the anode and the gas that swells a pouch cell. Every caption and number is quoted from the cited papers. - [Battery safety: abuse and thermal runaway](https://www.labcanvas.com/templates/energy-storage-guides/battery-safety-abuse-thermal-runaway) ([Markdown](https://www.labcanvas.com/templates/energy-storage-guides/battery-safety-abuse-thermal-runaway.md)): Lithium-ion safety on one page: nail penetration, overcharge and oven abuse tests, the thermal-runaway temperature ladder from SEI decomposition to oxygen release, a shutdown separator, and runaway spreading through a module. Every caption and temperature is quoted from the cited papers. - [Seeing inside a working battery](https://www.labcanvas.com/templates/energy-storage-guides/seeing-inside-working-battery) ([Markdown](https://www.labcanvas.com/templates/energy-storage-guides/seeing-inside-working-battery.md)): Battery characterisation set-ups on one page: an operando X-ray diffraction cell, XPS of the SEI without air with sputter depth profiling, synchrotron X-ray tomography of an 18650 cell, neutron imaging of gas in a pouch cell, operando neutron diffraction of a cylindrical cell, and why neutrons see lithium. The set-ups and numbers are quoted from the cited papers; no panel is measured data. - [Electrochemical and safety measurements](https://www.labcanvas.com/templates/energy-storage-guides/electrochemical-safety-measurements) ([Markdown](https://www.labcanvas.com/templates/energy-storage-guides/electrochemical-safety-measurements.md)): Battery measurements on one page: electrochemical impedance from the perturbation to the equivalent circuit, a three-electrode cell with a lithium reference, online gas analysis by mass spectrometry, accelerating rate calorimetry by heat–wait–seek, and titration gas chromatography of dead lithium. The methods and numbers are quoted from the cited papers; no panel is measured data. - [From cells to packs, cars and the grid](https://www.labcanvas.com/templates/energy-storage-guides/cells-packs-cars-grid) ([Markdown](https://www.labcanvas.com/templates/energy-storage-guides/cells-packs-cars-grid.md)): Battery systems on one page: an exploded battery pack, passive and active cell balancing, four ways to manage the temperature, a cell-to-pack design, an electric car with its pack and drive, and a grid storage container with its fire and gas safety. Every caption and number is quoted from the cited papers. - [Recycling, second life and other energy storage](https://www.labcanvas.com/templates/energy-storage-guides/recycling-second-life-other-energy-storage) ([Markdown](https://www.labcanvas.com/templates/energy-storage-guides/recycling-second-life-other-energy-storage.md)): The end of a battery’s life and the wider storage picture on one page: pretreatment of spent batteries, hydrometallurgical and direct recycling, the second-life loop from the car to stationary storage, and the other ways to store energy, from pumped hydro, compressed air, flywheels and heat to hydrogen, supercapacitors, flow batteries and lithium-ion. Every caption and number is quoted from the cited papers. - [A battery’s life in pictograms: make, build, test, use and recycle](https://www.labcanvas.com/templates/energy-storage-guides/battery-s-life-pictograms-make-build-test-use-recycle) ([Markdown](https://www.labcanvas.com/templates/energy-storage-guides/battery-s-life-pictograms-make-build-test-use-recycle.md)): A battery’s life in 24 editable pictograms: six steps to make the materials, six to build the cell, six ways to test it and six for its use and recycling. Every pictogram is a live generator that can be restyled flat, outline or 3D in your colours; the details describe each stage with its references.