# Graphene research: templates

> Working with graphene once it is made: characterizing a flake (optical contrast, AFM, Raman, electron diffraction, field effect), making a transistor, transferring films, the wider 2D family, the production routes side by side, and laser-induced and flash graphene. Every panel is a live generator computed from the cited papers.

URL: https://www.labcanvas.com/templates/graphene-research

20 templates. All templates: https://www.labcanvas.com/templates

- [Characterizing graphene](https://www.labcanvas.com/templates/graphene-research/characterizing-graphene) ([Markdown](https://www.labcanvas.com/templates/graphene-research/characterizing-graphene.md)): Six measurements tell you what a graphene flake is. Optical contrast on SiO₂/Si finds it, AFM and the Raman spectrum count its layers, the Raman D band gives the distance between its defects, electron diffraction tells one layer from two, and a field-effect device gives its carrier density and mobility.
- [Making a graphene transistor](https://www.labcanvas.com/templates/graphene-research/making-graphene-transistor) ([Markdown](https://www.labcanvas.com/templates/graphene-research/making-graphene-transistor.md)): A graphene field-effect transistor is made with two rounds of lithography: the first patterns the graphene into a channel with an oxygen plasma, the second adds Cr/Au contacts by lift-off. The doped silicon under the oxide is the gate, and the resistance against gate voltage gives the Dirac point, the carrier density and the mobility.
- [Graphene transfer methods compared](https://www.labcanvas.com/templates/graphene-research/graphene-transfer-methods-compared) ([Markdown](https://www.labcanvas.com/templates/graphene-research/graphene-transfer-methods-compared.md)): CVD graphene grows on metal and has to be moved before it is used. Wet transfer holds it in PMMA while the copper is etched away; roll-to-roll does the same with thermal release tape at metre scale; bubbling lifts it off with hydrogen so the metal can be used again; and dry stamping and van der Waals pick-up place single flakes and build hBN-encapsulated stacks.
- [The graphene family of 2D materials](https://www.labcanvas.com/templates/graphene-research/graphene-family-2d-materials) ([Markdown](https://www.labcanvas.com/templates/graphene-research/graphene-family-2d-materials.md)): Graphene is one of many crystals a few atoms thick. Hexagonal boron nitride is a flat insulator, monolayer MoS₂ a direct-gap semiconductor, phosphorene a p-type semiconductor with a puckered, anisotropic lattice, borophene a 2D metal and CrI₃ a magnet, and all of them can be stacked layer by layer into van der Waals heterostructures.
- [Making graphene: six routes compared](https://www.labcanvas.com/templates/graphene-research/making-graphene-six-routes-compared) ([Markdown](https://www.labcanvas.com/templates/graphene-research/making-graphene-six-routes-compared.md)): Graphene is made top-down, by taking graphite apart, or bottom-up, from carbon atoms. Tape gives few-atom-thick crystals of remarkably high quality, solvents and shear give dispersions by the litre, oxidation gives graphene oxide that stays defective after reduction, CVD on copper and growth on SiC give films, and flash Joule heating turns cheap carbon into gram-scale graphene in under a second.
- [Laser-induced and flash graphene](https://www.labcanvas.com/templates/graphene-research/laser-induced-flash-graphene) ([Markdown](https://www.labcanvas.com/templates/graphene-research/laser-induced-flash-graphene.md)): Two fast, solvent-free ways to graphene. A pulsed CO₂ laser converts the surface of a polyimide film into porous graphene that can be written straight into micro-supercapacitor electrodes; a sub-second electrical flash through coal, carbon black or plastic waste turns it into gram-scale turbostratic graphene.
- [Reading a graphene Raman spectrum](https://www.labcanvas.com/templates/graphene-research/reading-graphene-raman-spectrum) ([Markdown](https://www.labcanvas.com/templates/graphene-research/reading-graphene-raman-spectrum.md)): A one-page guide to the Raman spectrum of graphene: how the 2D band changes from one layer to graphite, the NPL monolayer criteria, what the 2D width says about the substrate, the defect distance from I(D)/I(G), the defect type from I(D)/I(D′), and the strain–doping map that separates the two.
- [Characterizing graphene oxide](https://www.labcanvas.com/templates/graphene-research/characterizing-graphene-oxide) ([Markdown](https://www.labcanvas.com/templates/graphene-research/characterizing-graphene-oxide.md)): Six measurements of graphene oxide and reduced GO in one figure: the XPS C 1s components, FTIR bands of the oxygen groups, ¹³C solid-state NMR, the XRD interlayer spacing, the Raman D and G bands and carbon K-edge NEXAFS, each computed from reported values.
- [Seeing graphene: a microscopy guide](https://www.labcanvas.com/templates/graphene-research/seeing-graphene-microscopy-guide) ([Markdown](https://www.labcanvas.com/templates/graphene-research/seeing-graphene-microscopy-guide.md)): Six ways to look at graphene in one figure: optical contrast on SiO₂/Si, AFM heights and bubbles on hBN, SEM of CVD domains on copper, the TEM lattice and its diffraction, the STM moiré of graphene on hBN and LEED of epitaxial graphene on SiC.
- [Dirac physics of graphene](https://www.labcanvas.com/templates/graphene-research/dirac-physics-graphene) ([Markdown](https://www.labcanvas.com/templates/graphene-research/dirac-physics-graphene.md)): The electronic structure of graphene in six computed panels: the honeycomb lattice and its Brillouin zone, the tight-binding π bands meeting at the Dirac points, the Dirac cone, ARPES of the linear bands, the half-integer quantum Hall effect and the bilayer whose gap opens with an interlayer asymmetry.
- [Twisted bilayers and moiré superlattices](https://www.labcanvas.com/templates/graphene-research/twisted-bilayers-moire-superlattices) ([Markdown](https://www.labcanvas.com/templates/graphene-research/twisted-bilayers-moire-superlattices.md)): Twisted bilayer graphene and graphene on hBN in six panels: tear-and-stack assembly, the moiré pattern and its period, the two layers in 3D, the magic angle of 1.1°, the moiré of graphene on hBN from the 1.8 % lattice mismatch, and the moiré seen by STM.
- [Defects and doping in graphene](https://www.labcanvas.com/templates/graphene-research/defects-doping-graphene) ([Markdown](https://www.labcanvas.com/templates/graphene-research/defects-doping-graphene.md)): Defects and dopants in graphene in six panels: the Stone–Wales defect, a single vacancy, a grain boundary of 5-7 pairs, the nitrogen sites of N-doped graphene, transfer curves whose Dirac point shifts with doping, and the N 1s XPS that tells the nitrogen sites apart.
- [Functionalised graphene and 3D forms](https://www.labcanvas.com/templates/graphene-research/functionalised-graphene-3d-forms) ([Markdown](https://www.labcanvas.com/templates/graphene-research/functionalised-graphene-3d-forms.md)): Graphene chemistry and architecture in six panels: covalent nitrophenyl groups, fluorographene and noncovalent pyrenebutyrate on the sheet, and graphene foam grown on nickel, a graphene aerogel and crumpled graphene balls in 3D.
- [More ways to make graphene](https://www.labcanvas.com/templates/graphene-research/more-ways-make-graphene) ([Markdown](https://www.labcanvas.com/templates/graphene-research/more-ways-make-graphene.md)): Six more routes to graphene: hot-wall against cold-wall CVD, plasma-enhanced CVD of vertical graphene, wafer-scale single crystals on Ge(110), nanoribbons by unzipping nanotubes, six ways to reduce graphene oxide, and graphite intercalation stages for exfoliation.
- [Processing graphene devices](https://www.labcanvas.com/templates/graphene-research/processing-graphene-devices) ([Markdown](https://www.labcanvas.com/templates/graphene-research/processing-graphene-devices.md)): Six processing steps for graphene devices: annealing away PMMA residue, surface and substitutional chemical doping, ALD oxide on pristine and PTCA-functionalised graphene, ionic-liquid gating, one-dimensional edge contacts to hBN-encapsulated graphene, and the block-copolymer nanomesh.
- [Graphene electronics](https://www.labcanvas.com/templates/graphene-research/graphene-electronics) ([Markdown](https://www.labcanvas.com/templates/graphene-research/graphene-electronics.md)): Graphene devices in six panels: a Hall bar on SiO₂/Si, an hBN-encapsulated device with edge contacts, the field-effect transfer curve, RF transistors with an f_T benchmark, a suspended mechanical resonator, and the quantum Hall resistance standard on epitaxial graphene.
- [Graphene for energy](https://www.labcanvas.com/templates/graphene-research/graphene-energy) ([Markdown](https://www.labcanvas.com/templates/graphene-research/graphene-energy.md)): Graphene in energy storage and conversion in six panels: activated graphene with nanometre pores, laser-scribed graphene from a DVD drive, micro-supercapacitors written on one disc, nitrogen-doped graphene for oxygen reduction against platinum, and graphene/silicon Schottky solar cells.
- [Graphene sensors and optoelectronics](https://www.labcanvas.com/templates/graphene-research/graphene-sensors-optoelectronics) ([Markdown](https://www.labcanvas.com/templates/graphene-research/graphene-sensors-optoelectronics.md)): Graphene sensing and optoelectronics in six panels: single NO₂ molecules detected as resistance steps, a metal–graphene–metal photodetector and its frequency response, a flexible transparent electrode and transparent neural electrodes that neurons are imaged through.
- [Graphene membranes and water](https://www.labcanvas.com/templates/graphene-research/graphene-membranes-water) ([Markdown](https://www.labcanvas.com/templates/graphene-research/graphene-membranes-water.md)): Graphene separation membranes in six panels: nanoporous single-layer graphene for desalination, swollen and confined graphene-oxide laminates sieving ions, porous graphene sieving gases, protons crossing monolayer graphene, and an rGO-coated sponge separating oil from water.
- [Graphene scale-up and quality control](https://www.labcanvas.com/templates/graphene-research/graphene-scale-up-quality-control) ([Markdown](https://www.labcanvas.com/templates/graphene-research/graphene-scale-up-quality-control.md)): Graphene manufacturing in six panels: roll-to-roll CVD in a concentric-tube reactor, a roll-to-roll transfer line onto PET, metre-sized single crystals on industrial Cu foil, THz sheet-conductance and Raman quality maps, and the framework that classifies graphene-based materials.