# Graphical abstracts: templates

> Graphical abstracts for materials science, energy, electronics and biology, each with its own composition and live 3D models you can turn: solar cells, batteries, catalysis, memory and spintronics, quantum and 2D materials, shape-memory alloys, metamaterials, structural colour, bioinspired surfaces and more. Every caption and number is quoted from the cited papers.

URL: https://www.labcanvas.com/templates/graphical-abstracts

55 templates. All templates: https://www.labcanvas.com/templates

- [Perovskite solar cell: from crystal to device](https://www.labcanvas.com/templates/graphical-abstracts/perovskite-solar-cell-crystal-device) ([Markdown](https://www.labcanvas.com/templates/graphical-abstracts/perovskite-solar-cell-crystal-device.md)): A zoom-in cascade through a perovskite solar cell: the device stack, its light-absorbing polycrystalline film between the two charge contacts, and the ABX₃ crystal of corner-sharing octahedra as a live 3D model. Light frees electrons and holes in the film; TiO₂ takes the electrons, spiro-OMeTAD the holes, and the electrodes carry the current out. Milestones from 3.8% in 2009 to a certified 25.5% in 2021.
- [How an OLED makes light](https://www.labcanvas.com/templates/graphical-abstracts/how-oled-makes-light) ([Markdown](https://www.labcanvas.com/templates/graphical-abstracts/how-oled-makes-light.md)): A graphical abstract of an organic light-emitting diode: holes and electrons step in from the electrodes over a ladder of HOMO and LUMO levels, cross the transport layers of an exploded pixel stack and meet in the emissive layer. There they pair up as one singlet for every three triplet excitons, and fluorescent, phosphorescent or TADF emitters decide how many of them become light. A live 3D pixel and a live 3D rubrene molecule can be turned in the figure.
- [Fibre-reinforced composites: from layup to strength](https://www.labcanvas.com/templates/graphical-abstracts/fibre-reinforced-composites-layup-strength) ([Markdown](https://www.labcanvas.com/templates/graphical-abstracts/fibre-reinforced-composites-layup-strength.md)): A split-screen graphical abstract: on one side a brittle epoxy matrix that cracks, on the other stiff carbon fibres that carry the load. An exploded quasi-isotropic laminate, plies at 0°, 45°, 90° and −45°, spans the divide, and a strip along the bottom shows how laminates fail: fibre breakage, matrix cracking, delamination and kinking.
- [Tough hydrogels: sacrificial bonds that break so the gel does not](https://www.labcanvas.com/templates/graphical-abstracts/tough-hydrogels-sacrificial-bonds-that-break-so-gel-does-not) ([Markdown](https://www.labcanvas.com/templates/graphical-abstracts/tough-hydrogels-sacrificial-bonds-that-break-so-gel-does-not.md)): A radial graphical abstract on tough hydrogels: a live 3D water-swollen polymer network at the hub, with four satellites on its structure, the sacrificial-bond mechanism, the numbers and the uses. Ordinary gels are brittle; double-network and ionic–covalent hybrid gels add weak bonds that break first and dissipate energy, lifting the fracture energy from about 10 to about 9,000 J m⁻².
- [Sodium-ion batteries: abundant sodium, stored in hard carbon](https://www.labcanvas.com/templates/graphical-abstracts/sodium-ion-batteries-abundant-sodium-stored-hard-carbon) ([Markdown](https://www.labcanvas.com/templates/graphical-abstracts/sodium-ion-batteries-abundant-sodium-stored-hard-carbon.md)): A split graphical abstract: a navy band makes the case for sodium against lithium (abundance, ion size, potential and the aluminium current collector), and the white field follows the sodium ion from the cell into hard carbon, where a sloping region of adsorption and a low-voltage plateau of pore filling and intercalation store it.
- [Supercapacitor electrodes: zooming in on ions in carbon pores](https://www.labcanvas.com/templates/graphical-abstracts/supercapacitor-electrodes-zooming-ions-carbon-pores) ([Markdown](https://www.labcanvas.com/templates/graphical-abstracts/supercapacitor-electrodes-zooming-ions-carbon-pores.md)): A zoom-in cascade from a supercapacitor cell to the porous carbon of its electrode, the double layer of ions on a charged wall, and a sub-nanometre pore where ions shed their solvent. A footer compares the two ways to store charge, ion adsorption and fast surface redox, with the pore sizes that changed the field and the volumetric capacitance of MXene.
- [Thermoelectrics: scattering heat-carrying phonons at every length scale](https://www.labcanvas.com/templates/graphical-abstracts/thermoelectrics-scattering-heat-carrying-phonons-at-every-length-scale) ([Markdown](https://www.labcanvas.com/templates/graphical-abstracts/thermoelectrics-scattering-heat-carrying-phonons-at-every-length-scale.md)): A length-scale ladder for thermoelectric materials: waste heat enters, and the phonons that carry it are scattered by atomic disorder and anharmonic bonds, by nanoscale precipitates and by mesoscale grain boundaries before a thermoelectric module turns heat into electricity. Record figures of merit from SnSe crystals, hierarchical PbTe–SrTe and nanocrystalline BiSbTe run along the bottom.
- [Hydrogen storage materials: four ways to hold H₂](https://www.labcanvas.com/templates/graphical-abstracts/hydrogen-storage-materials-four-ways-hold-h2) ([Markdown](https://www.labcanvas.com/templates/graphical-abstracts/hydrogen-storage-materials-four-ways-hold-h2.md)): A radial graphical abstract with a hydrogen molecule at the hub and the four ways to store it on the spokes: compressed gas, cryogenic liquid, physisorption in a metal–organic framework and chemical binding in magnesium hydride. A bottom strip shows how alloying, nanostructuring, nanoconfinement and catalysts tame magnesium hydride.
- [Redox flow batteries: energy in the tanks, power in the stack](https://www.labcanvas.com/templates/graphical-abstracts/redox-flow-batteries-energy-tanks-power-stack) ([Markdown](https://www.labcanvas.com/templates/graphical-abstracts/redox-flow-batteries-energy-tanks-power-stack.md)): A redox flow battery cut open inside a circulating loop of its two electrolytes, tagged with the idea that defines it: energy scales with the tanks and power with the stack. The all-vanadium chemistry and a metal-free quinone are compared on the right, with a carbon-felt electrode and the key performance numbers along the bottom.
- [Nanozymes: nanoparticles that act like enzymes](https://www.labcanvas.com/templates/graphical-abstracts/nanozymes-nanoparticles-that-act-like-enzymes) ([Markdown](https://www.labcanvas.com/templates/graphical-abstracts/nanozymes-nanoparticles-that-act-like-enzymes.md)): A radial graphical abstract: one nanoparticle at the hub and four enzyme-like activities around it, each on the material that showed it. Magnetite oxidizes substrates like a peroxidase, gold oxidizes glucose like glucose oxidase, and ceria scavenges superoxide or splits hydrogen peroxide depending on how much Ce³⁺ its surface carries.
- [High-entropy alloys: five metals, one phase](https://www.labcanvas.com/templates/graphical-abstracts/high-entropy-alloys-five-metals-phase) ([Markdown](https://www.labcanvas.com/templates/graphical-abstracts/high-entropy-alloys-five-metals-phase.md)): A funnel-shaped graphical abstract: five metals pour into one high-entropy alloy nanoparticle, made either by a 55 ms carbothermal shock or by slowly reducing a mixed precursor. Below, what a single random solid solution buys: a bulk alloy that gets tougher in the cold, one shared fcc lattice and nanoparticle catalysts.
- [Self-healing polymers: four ways to close a crack](https://www.labcanvas.com/templates/graphical-abstracts/self-healing-polymers-four-ways-close-crack) ([Markdown](https://www.labcanvas.com/templates/graphical-abstracts/self-healing-polymers-four-ways-close-crack.md)): A timeline drawn along one crack that closes from left to right. Microcapsules of healing agent mend a crack once, thermally re-mendable links mend it many times with heat, a microvascular network delivers agent again and again, and a hydrogen-bonded rubber heals at room temperature when the cut faces are pressed together.
- [Monolayer MoS₂: from one atomic layer to logic](https://www.labcanvas.com/templates/graphical-abstracts/monolayer-mos2-atomic-layer-logic) ([Markdown](https://www.labcanvas.com/templates/graphical-abstracts/monolayer-mos2-atomic-layer-logic.md)): A chain of four lenses builds a chip up from one S–Mo–S layer: thinned to a monolayer, MoS₂ turns into a direct-gap semiconductor that lights up; a top-gated monolayer transistor switches by a factor of 10⁸; and the layer carries inverters, NOR logic and gates just 1 nm long.
- [Daytime radiative cooling: cooling under the sun with the cold of space](https://www.labcanvas.com/templates/graphical-abstracts/daytime-radiative-cooling-cooling-under-sun-cold-space) ([Markdown](https://www.labcanvas.com/templates/graphical-abstracts/daytime-radiative-cooling-cooling-under-sun-cold-space.md)): A sky-and-ground graphical abstract: a cooler on a rooftop sends sunlight back and radiates heat to space through the 8–13 µm atmospheric window, staying below the air temperature in full sun with no electricity. Three ways to build it sit on the ground: a seven-layer photonic stack, a glass–polymer metamaterial and a porous polymer paint.
- [Silica aerogel: from sol to superinsulator](https://www.labcanvas.com/templates/graphical-abstracts/silica-aerogel-sol-superinsulator) ([Markdown](https://www.labcanvas.com/templates/graphical-abstracts/silica-aerogel-sol-superinsulator.md)): A timeline of how silica aerogel is made: a silica sol gels into a wet particle network, ages, and is dried without letting its pores collapse, by supercritical CO₂ or by ambient-pressure drying after silylation. The result is a solid that is mostly air, with very low density and thermal conductivity, used for insulation, Cherenkov detectors and oil sorption.
- [Shape-selective catalysis in zeolites: from pellet to pore window](https://www.labcanvas.com/templates/graphical-abstracts/shape-selective-catalysis-zeolites-pellet-pore-window) ([Markdown](https://www.labcanvas.com/templates/graphical-abstracts/shape-selective-catalysis-zeolites-pellet-pore-window.md)): A concentric zoom into a zeolite catalyst: a shaped pellet of crystals, the ZSM-5 framework of corner-sharing TO₄ tetrahedra (a live 3D model), a pore channel lined with Brønsted acid sites, and a 10-ring window where slim para-xylene slips out while bulkier ortho-xylene is held back. Side captions explain each level, the three kinds of shape selectivity and where zeolites are used in refining and petrochemistry.
- [Liquid crystals: order between solid and liquid](https://www.labcanvas.com/templates/graphical-abstracts/liquid-crystals-order-between-solid-liquid) ([Markdown](https://www.labcanvas.com/templates/graphical-abstracts/liquid-crystals-order-between-solid-liquid.md)): A phase spectrum of a rod-like liquid crystal: on heating, 8CB goes from crystal to smectic A, nematic and isotropic liquid, losing positional order before orientational order. A live 3D nematic shows the director, the shared axis that walls or an electric field can turn, and a twisted-nematic pixel between crossed polarisers shows how that becomes bright and dark in a display.
- [Crystal defects that shape materials](https://www.labcanvas.com/templates/graphical-abstracts/crystal-defects-that-shape-materials) ([Markdown](https://www.labcanvas.com/templates/graphical-abstracts/crystal-defects-that-shape-materials.md)): A quadrant graphical abstract of crystal defects by dimension around a live 3D edge dislocation: point defects that let atoms diffuse and dope semiconductors, dislocations that carry plastic flow, grain boundaries that strengthen by Hall–Petch, and precipitates and voids that harden alloys or start fracture. Every statement and number is taken from the cited papers.
- [Memristors for brain-inspired computing: the synapse and its electronic twin](https://www.labcanvas.com/templates/graphical-abstracts/memristors-brain-inspired-computing-synapse-electronic-twin) ([Markdown](https://www.labcanvas.com/templates/graphical-abstracts/memristors-brain-inspired-computing-synapse-electronic-twin.md)): A mirrored graphical abstract: the biological synapse on the left, the memristor on the right, and a central spine that pairs them row by row. Synaptic strength maps to conductance, spike-timing learning to voltage pulses, and a neural network to a crossbar array that multiplies in memory.
- [Triboelectric nanogenerators: turning everyday motion into electricity](https://www.labcanvas.com/templates/graphical-abstracts/triboelectric-nanogenerators-turning-everyday-motion-into-electricity) ([Markdown](https://www.labcanvas.com/templates/graphical-abstracts/triboelectric-nanogenerators-turning-everyday-motion-into-electricity.md)): The triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) drawn as a four-stage cycle: two materials touch and charge, pulling them apart drives electrons through a load, they rest balanced, and pressing them together sends the electrons back, so every press and release gives a pair of opposite current pulses. Around the cycle sit the material pair, the piezoelectric ZnO-nanowire cousin, a nanofibre textile harvester as a live 3D model and a row of uses, from wearables and self-powered sensors to wind and ocean waves.
- [Organic solar cells: non-fullerene acceptors climb past the fullerene ceiling](https://www.labcanvas.com/templates/graphical-abstracts/organic-solar-cells-non-fullerene-acceptors-climb-past-fullerene-ceiling) ([Markdown](https://www.labcanvas.com/templates/graphical-abstracts/organic-solar-cells-non-fullerene-acceptors-climb-past-fullerene-ceiling.md)): A ledger of record efficiencies for organic solar cells: fullerene acceptors stalled near 11%, while fused-ring non-fullerene acceptors (ITIC, then the crescent-shaped Y6 and its derivatives) climbed past 21%. A bulk-heterojunction film on the left shows how the donor–acceptor blend turns light into current, and the acceptors and the light they harvest line up above the ledger.
- [Solid oxide cells: one ceramic cell, run as a fuel cell or an electrolyzer](https://www.labcanvas.com/templates/graphical-abstracts/solid-oxide-cells-ceramic-cell-run-as-fuel-cell-or-electrolyzer) ([Markdown](https://www.labcanvas.com/templates/graphical-abstracts/solid-oxide-cells-ceramic-cell-run-as-fuel-cell-or-electrolyzer.md)): A cut through a solid oxide cell from edge to edge: porous perovskite oxygen electrode, dense yttria-stabilized zirconia electrolyte and Ni–YSZ fuel electrode. On the left the cell runs as a fuel cell, oxide ions moving down to burn hydrogen into water and electricity; on the right the same cell runs backwards as an electrolyzer, splitting steam into hydrogen. Oxygen vacancies made by yttrium doping let the oxide ions hop through the zirconia at 700–1000 °C.
- [Aqueous zinc-ion batteries: taming the zinc anode, from electrolyte to cathode](https://www.labcanvas.com/templates/graphical-abstracts/aqueous-zinc-ion-batteries-taming-zinc-anode-electrolyte-cathode) ([Markdown](https://www.labcanvas.com/templates/graphical-abstracts/aqueous-zinc-ion-batteries-taming-zinc-anode-electrolyte-cathode.md)): A honeycomb of twelve tiles on aqueous zinc-ion batteries: why zinc is an attractive anode in water (820 mAh g⁻¹, −0.76 V, safe), what goes wrong on it (hexagonal dendrites, hydrogen gas, corrosion and by-products), how electrolytes and interfaces fix it (additives that rebuild the Zn²⁺ water shell, water-in-salt electrolytes, a graphene template), and the MnO₂ and vanadium-oxide cathodes that host Zn²⁺.
- [Photocatalyst sheets: from one SrTiO₃ particle to a 100 m² hydrogen farm](https://www.labcanvas.com/templates/graphical-abstracts/photocatalyst-sheets-srtio3-particle-100-m2-hydrogen-farm) ([Markdown](https://www.labcanvas.com/templates/graphical-abstracts/photocatalyst-sheets-srtio3-particle-100-m2-hydrogen-farm.md)): A survey-map graphical abstract of particulate photocatalysts for overall water splitting: an aerial view of a 100 m² array of panel reactors, with map pins leading to the aluminium-doped SrTiO₃ particle (cocatalysts for hydrogen and oxygen on different facets, 96% external quantum efficiency in the UV), the photocatalyst-sheet panel, and the polyimide membrane that recovers hydrogen safely from the mixed gas.
- [Making ammonia: Haber–Bosch on iron versus lithium-mediated electrosynthesis](https://www.labcanvas.com/templates/graphical-abstracts/making-ammonia-haber-bosch-iron-versus-lithium-mediated-electrosynthesis) ([Markdown](https://www.labcanvas.com/templates/graphical-abstracts/making-ammonia-haber-bosch-iron-versus-lithium-mediated-electrosynthesis.md)): Two roads from nitrogen to ammonia drawn as a fork that rejoins: the Haber–Bosch process on a promoted iron catalyst at about 700 K and 100 atm, fed with hydrogen from natural gas, and lithium-mediated electrochemical nitrogen reduction at room temperature and 1 bar, where plated lithium splits N₂ and a proton shuttle turns the nitride into ammonia. A comparison of the two sits inside the fork.
- [Phase-change memory: writing bits as glass or crystal](https://www.labcanvas.com/templates/graphical-abstracts/phase-change-memory-writing-bits-as-glass-or-crystal) ([Markdown](https://www.labcanvas.com/templates/graphical-abstracts/phase-change-memory-writing-bits-as-glass-or-crystal.md)): An infinity loop for phase-change memory: a heat pulse melts and quenches Ge–Sb–Te into a high-resistance glass (RESET), a gentler one anneals it back into a low-resistance crystal (SET), and both states last at room temperature. Write pulses, record switching speeds and the uses, from rewritable discs to brain-inspired computing, run along the bottom.
- [Two-dimensional magnets: magnetism, one layer at a time](https://www.labcanvas.com/templates/graphical-abstracts/two-dimensional-magnets-magnetism-layer-at-time) ([Markdown](https://www.labcanvas.com/templates/graphical-abstracts/two-dimensional-magnets-magnetism-layer-at-time.md)): A staircase of CrI₃ stacks: a single layer is an Ising ferromagnet, two layers make a layered antiferromagnet that a gate can flip, four layers between graphene filter spins with a record tunnelling magnetoresistance, and the bulk is a ferromagnet again. Around it: why one layer needs an easy axis to order, how Kerr microscopy sees it, and metallic Fe₃GeTe₂ gated to room temperature.
- [Topological insulators: insulating inside, conducting at the edge](https://www.labcanvas.com/templates/graphical-abstracts/topological-insulators-insulating-inside-conducting-at-edge) ([Markdown](https://www.labcanvas.com/templates/graphical-abstracts/topological-insulators-insulating-inside-conducting-at-edge.md)): The figure is the insulator: its frame is a two-lane edge channel where spin-up and spin-down electrons travel in opposite directions, while inside a quintuple-layer slab of Bi₂Se₃, a surface Dirac cone crossing the bulk gap (live 3D) and spin–momentum locking explain why the surface conducts and resists backscattering. Four landmark results run along the bottom.
- [Ferroelectric hafnium oxide: a polar phase in a chip dielectric](https://www.labcanvas.com/templates/graphical-abstracts/ferroelectric-hafnium-oxide-polar-phase-chip-dielectric) ([Markdown](https://www.labcanvas.com/templates/graphical-abstracts/ferroelectric-hafnium-oxide-polar-phase-chip-dielectric.md)): An energy landscape for ferroelectric HfO₂: a double well whose two minima are the two polarization states and whose barrier an electric field pushes the film over. Around it: how thin, doped hafnia forms a non-centrosymmetric orthorhombic phase (live 3D cell), why it suits silicon processing, how far it scales (switching at 1 nm, dipoles ~3 Å wide) and the memories it enables.
- [MRAM: a bit stored in the spins of a tunnel junction](https://www.labcanvas.com/templates/graphical-abstracts/mram-bit-stored-spins-tunnel-junction) ([Markdown](https://www.labcanvas.com/templates/graphical-abstracts/mram-bit-stored-spins-tunnel-junction.md)): The layers of a CoFeB/MgO magnetic tunnel junction run across the figure as bands: with parallel magnetizations electrons tunnel easily (low resistance), a spin-polarized current writes the bit by spin-transfer torque, and antiparallel magnetizations block tunnelling (high resistance). A live 3D rock-salt lattice shows the MgO barrier; below, the room-temperature tunnelling magnetoresistance that crystalline MgO unlocked, the perpendicular junction’s numbers and where MRAM is used.
- [Shape-memory alloys: NiTi switches between austenite and martensite](https://www.labcanvas.com/templates/graphical-abstracts/shape-memory-alloys-niti-switches-between-austenite-martensite) ([Markdown](https://www.labcanvas.com/templates/graphical-abstracts/shape-memory-alloys-niti-switches-between-austenite-martensite.md)): A triangle cycle for nickel–titanium: cooled, the cubic austenite turns into twinned martensite without changing shape; loaded, the twins reorient and the wire bends; heated above Af, the alloy returns to austenite and to its remembered shape. Above Af, stress alone does the same round trip (superelasticity), with 6–8 % recoverable strain, transformation temperatures set by composition and uses from actuators to elastocaloric cooling.
- [Mechanical metamaterials: properties from geometry, not chemistry](https://www.labcanvas.com/templates/graphical-abstracts/mechanical-metamaterials-properties-geometry-not-chemistry) ([Markdown](https://www.labcanvas.com/templates/graphical-abstracts/mechanical-metamaterials-properties-geometry-not-chemistry.md)): An engineering drawing sheet for architected materials: two specimens of the same solid, one a regular honeycomb that thins when pulled and one a re-entrant honeycomb that widens (a negative Poisson’s ratio), a ruler of Poisson’s ratio from +0.5 to −1 with the cells that reach it, and a 3D strut lattice whose members stretch instead of bending, keeping its stiffness per unit mass over three orders of magnitude in density.
- [Structural colour: photonic crystals colour without dyes](https://www.labcanvas.com/templates/graphical-abstracts/structural-colour-photonic-crystals-colour-without-dyes) ([Markdown](https://www.labcanvas.com/templates/graphical-abstracts/structural-colour-photonic-crystals-colour-without-dyes.md)): A fan of light: white light falls on an opal of close-packed spheres and one colour comes back, set by the spacing of the spheres through Bragg reflection, blue for small spheres and red for large ones. Cards show where the idea goes next: inverse opals that change colour when their pores fill, the helicoidal cellulose behind the blue Pollia fruit, and nanocellulose films tuned across the visible.
- [Transparent wood: take out the lignin, fill in a matching polymer](https://www.labcanvas.com/templates/graphical-abstracts/transparent-wood-take-out-lignin-fill-matching-polymer) ([Markdown](https://www.labcanvas.com/templates/graphical-abstracts/transparent-wood-take-out-lignin-fill-matching-polymer.md)): A staircase of four wood blocks: natural wood, the white cellulose template left when the light-absorbing lignin is removed, the template filled with a polymer whose refractive index matches the cell walls, and transparent wood that passes up to 90 % of the light. Above the steps, why it turns clear; below them, what it brings: low haze, a third of glass’s thermal conductivity and far more work of fracture, for light-transmitting buildings and solar-cell windows.
- [Superhydrophobic surfaces: the lotus effect, read on a protractor](https://www.labcanvas.com/templates/graphical-abstracts/superhydrophobic-surfaces-lotus-effect-read-protractor) ([Markdown](https://www.labcanvas.com/templates/graphical-abstracts/superhydrophobic-surfaces-lotus-effect-read-protractor.md)): A contact-angle protractor from 0° to 180°: water spreads below 90°, beads above it, and beyond 150° (with drops sliding off below 5°) the surface is superhydrophobic, like the lotus leaf at 163°. Underneath, the two ways a drop sits on roughness (Wenzel, filling the grooves; Cassie–Baxter, resting on air), drops rolling off with the dirt, and the lotus leaf’s papillae and wax tubules in numbers.
- [Direct lithium extraction: picking Li⁺ out of brine](https://www.labcanvas.com/templates/graphical-abstracts/direct-lithium-extraction-picking-li-out-brine) ([Markdown](https://www.labcanvas.com/templates/graphical-abstracts/direct-lithium-extraction-picking-li-out-brine.md)): An ion Sankey: every ion in a salar brine is a ribbon, and two gates sort them. A nanofiltration membrane turns back the doubly charged Mg²⁺ and Ca²⁺ (Li⁺ and Mg²⁺ are the same size), a lithium-ion sieve turns back Na⁺ and K⁺, and only a thin thread of Li⁺ reaches the lithium chloride and Li₂CO₃, in hours or days instead of the 1–2 years of evaporation ponds.
- [Breaking forever chemicals: four ways to cleave the C–F bond](https://www.labcanvas.com/templates/graphical-abstracts/breaking-forever-chemicals-four-ways-cleave-c-f-bond) ([Markdown](https://www.labcanvas.com/templates/graphical-abstracts/breaking-forever-chemicals-four-ways-cleave-c-f-bond.md)): A PFOA molecule laid out like a labelled specimen: the strongest single bond in organic chemistry in a sheath of fluorine. Four numbered routes cleave it, electro-oxidation, hydrated electrons, alkali at low temperature and supercritical water, and on the right the chain unzips one CF₂ unit at a time into fluoride.
- [Enzymatic PET recycling: the right enzyme at the right temperature](https://www.labcanvas.com/templates/graphical-abstracts/enzymatic-pet-recycling-right-enzyme-at-right-temperature) ([Markdown](https://www.labcanvas.com/templates/graphical-abstracts/enzymatic-pet-recycling-right-enzyme-at-right-temperature.md)): A thermometer from 30 to 80 °C is the spine: PET hydrolases hang off it at the temperatures they work at, from the bacterium that lives on PET at 30 °C to an engineered cutinase in the narrow window just above the glass transition. On the right, the enzyme cuts PET’s ester bonds into terephthalic acid and ethylene glycol, which go back into new bottles.
- [Electrochromic smart windows: glass that tints on demand](https://www.labcanvas.com/templates/graphical-abstracts/electrochromic-smart-windows-glass-that-tints-demand) ([Markdown](https://www.labcanvas.com/templates/graphical-abstracts/electrochromic-smart-windows-glass-that-tints-demand.md)): An architect’s elevation: a facade whose windows tint from clear to tungsten-bronze blue, and a section through one pane, bleached and coloured, where Li⁺ and electrons move from a nickel oxide counter electrode into tungsten oxide and turn it blue. Three numbers give the stakes: windows let in most of a building’s summer solar gain, a WO₃/NiO device switches thousands of times, and simulations save about a sixth of a building’s energy.
- [Low-carbon cement: less clinker, and CO₂ back into the concrete](https://www.labcanvas.com/templates/graphical-abstracts/low-carbon-cement-less-clinker-co2-back-into-concrete) ([Markdown](https://www.labcanvas.com/templates/graphical-abstracts/low-carbon-cement-less-clinker-co2-back-into-concrete.md)): A cement works in elevation: the kiln where limestone gives off its own CO₂ as it turns to lime, beside the CO₂ of the fuel. In the yard, two silos filled like bar charts show the clinker share falling from 71 % in today’s average cement to about 50 % in limestone calcined clay cement, and precast blocks take CO₂ back in as calcium carbonate.
- [How the zebrafish heart rebuilds itself](https://www.labcanvas.com/templates/graphical-abstracts/how-zebrafish-heart-rebuilds-itself) ([Markdown](https://www.labcanvas.com/templates/graphical-abstracts/how-zebrafish-heart-rebuilds-itself.md)): A recovery-curve graphical abstract: after losing part of its ventricle, the zebrafish heart climbs back to whole muscle over about two months. Wound-edge cardiomyocytes dedifferentiate and divide, the epicardium and endocardium build a regenerative scaffold, and the new muscle becomes electrically coupled — with no permanent scar.
- [The Drosophila circadian clock](https://www.labcanvas.com/templates/graphical-abstracts/drosophila-circadian-clock) ([Markdown](https://www.labcanvas.com/templates/graphical-abstracts/drosophila-circadian-clock.md)): A clock-dial graphical abstract of the Drosophila molecular clock: the CLOCK–CYCLE activator switches on period and timeless at dawn, PER and TIM proteins build through the day and cross into the nucleus to shut their own genes off at night, and the ~24 h loop restarts. DOUBLETIME sets the delay; sunlight acting through CRYPTOCHROME removes TIM and resets the clock. The three founding period mutants (19 h, ~24 h, 28 h) are shown as small dials.
- [Bacteriophages against biofilms](https://www.labcanvas.com/templates/graphical-abstracts/bacteriophages-against-biofilms) ([Markdown](https://www.labcanvas.com/templates/graphical-abstracts/bacteriophages-against-biofilms.md)): A cutaway graphical abstract: a biofilm in cross-section, read left to right as phages break a bacterial stronghold. The EPS matrix shields the bacteria from antibiotics; phage depolymerases cut the matrix open and let the phages in; the phages replicate and lyse the cells, and antibiotics then finish the survivors — phage–antibiotic synergy.
- [CRISPR diagnostics: find a sequence, light a signal](https://www.labcanvas.com/templates/graphical-abstracts/crispr-diagnostics-find-sequence-light-signal) ([Markdown](https://www.labcanvas.com/templates/graphical-abstracts/crispr-diagnostics-find-sequence-light-signal.md)): A test-strip graphical abstract of CRISPR diagnostics. A sample is amplified at one temperature, a Cas enzyme guided by its crRNA recognises the target sequence and then cuts reporter molecules at random — Cas12 cuts single-stranded DNA (DETECTR), Cas13 cuts RNA (SHERLOCK) — and the freed reporter is read as fluorescence or as a line on a lateral-flow strip, in well under an hour.
- [Cell-free protein synthesis: DNA in, protein out](https://www.labcanvas.com/templates/graphical-abstracts/cell-free-protein-synthesis-dna-protein-out) ([Markdown](https://www.labcanvas.com/templates/graphical-abstracts/cell-free-protein-synthesis-dna-protein-out.md)): A pipeline graphical abstract of cell-free protein synthesis. A DNA template goes into an open reaction — a cell extract or the reconstituted PURE system — which transcribes and translates it in one tube, with no cell wall or genome in the way, and a protein comes out within hours. Freeze-dried, the same reaction becomes portable for rapid prototyping, paper biosensors and on-demand production.
- [Hydrogen embrittlement of steels: trap the hydrogen before it finds the crack](https://www.labcanvas.com/templates/graphical-abstracts/hydrogen-embrittlement-steels-trap-hydrogen-before-it-finds-crack) ([Markdown](https://www.labcanvas.com/templates/graphical-abstracts/hydrogen-embrittlement-steels-trap-hydrogen-before-it-finds-crack.md)): A tensile specimen cut open to its grains and read as the path of one hydrogen atom: H₂ splits at the surface, the atoms hop between tetrahedral sites of the iron lattice, defects hold some back, fine carbides lock them away and, where hydrogen gets through, a crack opens. Five cards explain each station, from the sources of hydrogen to the two mechanisms (HEDE and HELP) and the designed traps that make steels more resistant.
- [Chemically strengthened glass: a log of the ion-exchanged surface](https://www.labcanvas.com/templates/graphical-abstracts/chemically-strengthened-glass-log-ion-exchanged-surface) ([Markdown](https://www.labcanvas.com/templates/graphical-abstracts/chemically-strengthened-glass-log-ion-exchanged-surface.md)): A well log of an ion-exchanged glass, read from the surface down: in molten KNO₃, larger K⁺ ions replace Na⁺, so the surface is squeezed into compression (up to about 1000 MPa) that falls to zero at the depth of layer, balanced by a small tension in the core. Tracks for the ions, the K⁺ fraction, the stress, a surface flaw held shut and the remarks share one depth axis.
- [Bulk metallic glasses: outrun the crystal](https://www.labcanvas.com/templates/graphical-abstracts/bulk-metallic-glasses-outrun-crystal) ([Markdown](https://www.labcanvas.com/templates/graphical-abstracts/bulk-metallic-glasses-outrun-crystal.md)): A time–temperature–transformation chart as the whole figure: a metal melt becomes a glass only if its cooling curve misses the crystallization nose. Pure metals need more than 10¹² K/s; multicomponent alloys of mismatched atoms push the nose to long times, so bulk metallic glasses form below about 1 K/s. Reheated above the glass transition, they can be moulded like polymers; a side column shows the two products, a DSC trace and the numbers.
- [Electronic skin: soft sensors that stretch, press and feel](https://www.labcanvas.com/templates/graphical-abstracts/electronic-skin-soft-sensors-that-stretch-press-feel) ([Markdown](https://www.labcanvas.com/templates/graphical-abstracts/electronic-skin-soft-sensors-that-stretch-press-feel.md)): Stretchable electronic skin drawn as its own circuit: rigid islands joined by gold serpentine bridges, read in order. A soft elastomer skin, pressure sensing with a microstructured dielectric, strain sensing with nanoscale crack junctions (gauge factor above 2,000), an array that tells normal from shear force, and a robot gripper that uses it to feel slip.
- [Lead-free piezoceramics: a family tree that grows d₃₃](https://www.labcanvas.com/templates/graphical-abstracts/lead-free-piezoceramics-family-tree-that-grows-d33) ([Markdown](https://www.labcanvas.com/templates/graphical-abstracts/lead-free-piezoceramics-family-tree-that-grows-d33.md)): A family tree of lead-free piezoelectric ceramics rooted in PZT (more than 60 wt % lead) and the perovskite skeleton all candidates share. Branches lead to potassium sodium niobate, barium titanate and bismuth sodium titanate; each landmark result is a leaf placed on a shared d₃₃ axis, from 416 pC/N (2004) to 650 pC/N in untextured KNN and 788 pC/N in textured BaTiO₃, mostly by sitting on a phase boundary where polarization rotates easily.
- [Quantum sensing with NV centres: one defect in diamond, read by light](https://www.labcanvas.com/templates/graphical-abstracts/quantum-sensing-nv-centres-defect-diamond-read-light) ([Markdown](https://www.labcanvas.com/templates/graphical-abstracts/quantum-sensing-nv-centres-defect-diamond-read-light.md)): A nitrogen–vacancy centre in diamond holds an electron spin that green light sets and red fluorescence reads. A magnetic field splits its 2.87 GHz microwave resonance and heat shifts it, so a single defect at the apex of a scanning diamond tip maps magnetic domains, 2D magnets and nuclear spins at the nanoscale.
- [Upconversion nanoparticles: two infrared photons in, one visible photon out](https://www.labcanvas.com/templates/graphical-abstracts/upconversion-nanoparticles-two-infrared-photons-visible-photon-out) ([Markdown](https://www.labcanvas.com/templates/graphical-abstracts/upconversion-nanoparticles-two-infrared-photons-visible-photon-out.md)): Lanthanide upconversion written as a sum: two near-infrared photons absorbed by ytterbium ions in a NaYF₄ core are relayed to erbium, which emits one visible photon. Under the sum, the energy ladder, how a shell lifts quantum yields from fractions of a percent towards 13%, and uses written as small equations: hidden inks, 28 nm nanoscopy and zebrafish embryos.
- [Molecular solar thermal storage: sunlight kept as strain, released as heat](https://www.labcanvas.com/templates/graphical-abstracts/molecular-solar-thermal-storage-sunlight-kept-as-strain-released-as-heat) ([Markdown](https://www.labcanvas.com/templates/graphical-abstracts/molecular-solar-thermal-storage-sunlight-kept-as-strain-released-as-heat.md)): A photoswitch charged by sunlight keeps the energy as the strain of a high-energy isomer: norbornadiene becomes quadricyclane, which can be stored for days to years and turned back by a catalyst to release heat. Drawn as a bridge from day to night, with azobenzene as a second switch, the efficiency ceiling and the first devices.
- [Gallium liquid metals: a metal you can pour, print and stretch](https://www.labcanvas.com/templates/graphical-abstracts/gallium-liquid-metals-metal-you-can-pour-print-stretch) ([Markdown](https://www.labcanvas.com/templates/graphical-abstracts/gallium-liquid-metals-metal-you-can-pour-print-stretch.md)): Gallium alloys such as EGaIn and Galinstan are liquid near room temperature yet conduct like metals. A nanometres-thin oxide skin lets them hold printed shapes, so they become wires that stretch, composites that heal a cut and liquid surfaces for chemistry. Drawn as one serpentine liquid-metal wire whose loops carry the story.
- [Atomic layer deposition: building a film one layer per cycle](https://www.labcanvas.com/templates/graphical-abstracts/atomic-layer-deposition-building-film-layer-per-cycle) ([Markdown](https://www.labcanvas.com/templates/graphical-abstracts/atomic-layer-deposition-building-film-layer-per-cycle.md)): Atomic layer deposition of alumina drawn as a coil, one turn per cycle: a trimethylaluminium pulse, a purge, a water pulse and a purge, each half-reaction stopping by itself, so every cycle adds the same sub-monolayer. Below, the self-limiting chemistry, conformal coating of deep trenches and particles, and uses in chips, batteries and catalysts.